ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื ืื• ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

ืื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช?

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื“ ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœืื™ ืชื“ืจื™ื, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ืื• ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ื›ืžืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืชืจ - ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ.

ืžืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช?

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉื“ ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกืžื•ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืกืงื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื’ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ืชื™ืงื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช, ืื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืชืžื ืข ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื ื—ืฉืฃ. ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืคืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช?

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ื”ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืœื™ื’ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.

ื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•

ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืกืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื›ื, ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื›ื - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ. ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื”, ืื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœื.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช