ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,ย ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืชืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”.

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ (ืžื•ืงื”) ืงืจื™ื’ืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืœื‘ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.ย  "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ (ืžื•ืงื”) ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ืš ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืœืื”. ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.

ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืชืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขื ื›ื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.

ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืž:ย 

  • ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืชื™ืงื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื.
  • ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื โ€“ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื“ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืชื—ืช ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื’ ืื—ืช โ€“ ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืš ื’ื, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.
  • ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ืื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื‘"ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืคืจื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžืจ ืชื—ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.
  • ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸย โ€“ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืชย โ€“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชย โ€“ ืœื ื›ืœ ืชื™ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฃ ื™ื“, ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช.

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช