ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ? ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืš

ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™, ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื, ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื“ื•ืช.

ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ?

ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ื’ื“/ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืžืช ืื• ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’.

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง, ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื•ื•ื—ื•. ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื• ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ืœืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™?

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื™ืืกืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืืกืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืข. ืคื ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.

ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™, ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื•, ืœืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชย  ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”. ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช