ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืœ"ื‘- 1972 ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืชื™ืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ืืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืžื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื?

ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืž"ื- 1981. ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜.

ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ?

ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืขืกื™ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ

ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™, ืฆืจื• ืืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.

 

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช