ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ืžืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืจืฃ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืขื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.

ื”ืื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ?

ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืชืฉืœ"ื‘-1972 ืœืขื•ืžืงื• ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™.

ืื™ืš ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช?

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช, ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื ืžืจืืฉ. ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืชื ื• ืžืขืœ ืœ-50 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืืชืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืชืื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช