ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“?

ื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืžืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืงื‘. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช, ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช. ืžืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื” ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื™ื.

ืื™ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ื™?

ืžืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื“ื ืื• ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืฉื“, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืงืจื”.

ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืžืจืืฉ. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ "ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”" ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคืจืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืื ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื. ืฆืจื• ืืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื›ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช