ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช?

ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืืชืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื, ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื•. ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.

ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื›ื ื›ืจื’ืข. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื”, ืชื•ื’ื“ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.

ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช?

ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืžืช ืžืกืš, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ ื‘ื ืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ืกื”, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-5 ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืœื ืœื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ื.

ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ

ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™, ืฆืจื• ืืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช