ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™?

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ ื›ืœืœื™. ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

 

ืžื”ื• ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘?

ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืื• ืžืกื—ืจื™. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื“ืœืคืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฉื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื“.

 

ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื

ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื—ืฉื“ ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.

 

ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข?

ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืœ. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืจืฆื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.

 

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ - ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืกื™ืข ืœื›ื ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ื•ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื. ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

 

ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืขืกืงื™ - ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืื ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ - ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื›ื. ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51ย  ืฉื ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืืจืฆื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœื.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช