ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•. ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™.

 


 

ืžืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื”?

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืœืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช:

  • ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” โ€“ย ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื”.
  • ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื ืขื“ืจื™ื โ€“ย ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
  • ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืงืข โ€“ย ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืžืช.
  • ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ย ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœื”ื•ื ืื”, ื”ืขืœืžืช ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืื• ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.

 


 

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™?

ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืœืฉืงื˜ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:

  1. ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื” โ€“ย ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืœืžืฉืจื“ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
  2. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช โ€“ย ืฉืืœื• ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืœื›ื.
  3. ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” โ€“ย ื›ืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืืกืฃ.
  4. ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš โ€“ย ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืœื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
  5. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช โ€“ย ื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื.

 


 

ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช (ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื). ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•:

  • ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
  • ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
  • ื ืกืคืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœืชื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื‘ืฆืข ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—. ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืขื ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€“ ืœืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•?

ื‘ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉื™. ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ืืœ ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช โ€“ย ืฆืจื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื’ืœื• ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช