ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ

ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•? ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ? ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืช?

ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช- ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ!

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง

ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืขืชื™ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ื ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืืžืช. ื–ืืช, ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—, ืžืชืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืื™ืฉื™, ืื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืฆืจื• ืขืžื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื›ื!

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”

ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื•: "ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื• ืื™ืกื•ืคืŸ, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ" (ืœื›ืœ - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ)

ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื— ืฉื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื:

  • ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
  • ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื
  • ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื
  • ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
  • ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
  • ื•ืืฃ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœืชืขื“ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืง.

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง

ื”ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ:

  • ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืช (ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”, ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉื™)
  • ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืกืงื™ (ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™")
  • ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
  • ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—
  • ื•ืขื•ื“
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื, ืืœื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื›ื—ื“.

ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™?

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื”ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ืื“ื ืฉื ืขืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื• ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื ืขืœื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืžืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืกืงื™ ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืžื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืžื” ืงืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืืœื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื. ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ, ืžื ื”ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืจืœื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ" ื›ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื•ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืย  ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืชื™ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“. ื™ืฉื ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— (ื’ื "ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื" ืื• "ื‘ืœืฉื™ื", ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ืื• ืชืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ื ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ืื• ื”ืชืงื ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืขืงื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•. ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืžืกืงืจื ืช, ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื), ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™ืช, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื’ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื•ื’ื ืžืชื’ืžืœืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ (ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื‘ืชื™, ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ืช ื™ื, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”) ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืœื•ืง ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื— ืืš ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื ืง >

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช