ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

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ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช: ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื

ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืขื ื”ืชืจืื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื“ืข, ืืœื ืื ืชืฉืœืžื• ืื•
ืชืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื: ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื, ืžืชืขื“ื™ื, ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš. ื”ื ื”
ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื.

ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜ ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“: ืขืœ
ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉืชื•ืง ื•ืœืฉืœื ืžื”ืจ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื ืขืœื.

ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืฉืœื ืœืกื•ื—ื˜?

ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืŸ ืœืกื•ื—ื˜ ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”
ืžื”ืจ, ื•ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืžื—ืง, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืกื,
ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ.

ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”?

  1. ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.
  2. ืœืชืขื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ: ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžืกืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
    ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืื ื ืฉืœื—ื•.
  3. ืœื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
  4. ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ืจ: ืœื—ืกื•ื ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”.
  5. ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช: ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื• ืฉืœื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืกืชืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
  6. ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.

ืื ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜ ื ืชืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื• ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™
ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•. ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชืฉืœื—ื• ืœื•.

ืœืžื™ ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช?

ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 428 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ืฉื“ื™ื ื”
ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื—ื˜ ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื•ื. ื‘ื’ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
ืขื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื. ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืงื“ 105 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช, ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื’ 105 ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื”.

ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช
ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžื”

ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื” ืœื

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ืœืชืขื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื”
ืœื—ืกื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžืจืชื
ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืคืขื
ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืฉืงื˜
ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืกื•ื—ื˜ ืื• ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”

ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืื– 1975, ืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื: ืกื•ื—ื˜ ื–ืจ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ืกื•ื—ื˜ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ
ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืคื™ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชืœื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื ืคืจืฅ, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื. ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ
ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื•ื’ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.

ื›ืฉื”ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืื• ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื’ื ืฆื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืขืœ
ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช. ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื”.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื”ืื ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคืจืกื

ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื, ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš.

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืกื

ื›ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืกืจื”. ืคืจืกื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื—ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ

ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืงื“ 105 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช, ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื’ 105, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“
ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ.

ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”

ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜, ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ื—ื˜

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื. ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื
ืจืžื–ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.

ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“

ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ. ืขืฆืจื•, ืชืขื“ื•, ื•ืคื ื• ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ืกืžืš. ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
ืžื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื•ื, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืžืœืื”.


ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช