ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž- 51 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• ืืœื™ื ื•:

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื: ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข?

ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ืืš ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžืชื™ ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”? ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืžืขืงื‘ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.

ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ื“ื™, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืงื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ื•ืœืœื ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืชื™ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืืชื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข, ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืจืืฉ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื.

ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื

ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

 

ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืืชื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ. ืื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-51 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื 1468/75. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืžื•ืงื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจ

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”.

ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช